Argument Ninja Dojo/(1) Video Library > 2. Principles of Argument Analysis: What is a Good Argument?

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(1) Video Library > 2. Principles of Argument Analysis: What is a Good Argument?

What's the difference between a good argument and a bad argument? Learn the foundational principles of logic and argument analysis. 

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Introduction

The central question of a theory of ARGUMENTATION is how to distinguish GOOD arguments from BAD arguments.

When framed like this, argumentation is a normative discipline — it tells us how we OUGHT to reason, what "good reasoning" is supposed to look like.

It's important to distinguish this normative question from the descriptive question of what makes arguments persuasive.

An argument can be persuasive but loaded with fallacies. And an argument can be logically compelling with plausible premises and still fail to persuade an audience.

The videos in this course are some of the oldest, dating back to when I was teaching critical thinking courses in a philosophy department.

The focus here is almost entirely the normative question. I started thinking more deeply and critically about the descriptive question in later years.

But the normative question is absolutely central for critical thinking. The concepts introduced here provide a vocabulary for talking and thinking about good versus bad reasons. Think of it as an essential step in developing argument literacy

Issues of persuasion do arise, of course. They show up especially in the discussion around the difference between "truth" and "plausibility", and in the discussion of the criteria for an argument to be "strong". 

But the deeper question of what makes an audience adopt a "pro" or "con" attitude toward an argument is something that psychologists have studied far more than philosophers. 

Contents

Part 1: What is a Good Argument?

Introduction

    What is an Argument?

    What is an Argument?
    • 5 mins
    • 6.12 MB
    What is a Claim?
    • 5 mins
    • 6.62 MB
    What is a Good Argument (I)?
    • 4 mins
    • 5.86 MB
    Identifying Premises and Conclusions
    • 6 mins
    • 8.83 MB
    Preview
    What is an Argument?: Quiz

      What is a Good Argument?

      The Truth Condition
      • 7 mins
      • 9.74 MB
      Preview
      The Logic Condition
      • 6 mins
      • 9.04 MB
      Valid versus Invalid Arguments
      • 6 mins
      • 8.12 MB
      Strong versus Weak Arguments
      • 7 mins
      • 10.3 MB
      Preview
      What is a Good Argument (II)?
      • 2 mins
      • 3.02 MB

      Deductive and Inductive Arguments

      Deductive Arguments and Valid Reasoning
      • 3 mins
      • 3.41 MB
      Inductive Arguments and Strong Reasoning
      • 2 mins
      • 2.46 MB
      Inductive Arguments and Scientific Reasoning
      • 10 mins
      • 14.8 MB
      Preview

      Part 2: All the Formal Logic You Need to Know For Critical Thinking

      Introduction

        What is Propositional Logic?

        Introduction: What is Propositional Logic?
        • 6 mins
        • 9.4 MB

        Compound Claims

        Conjunctions (A and B)
        • 5 mins
        • 5.96 MB
        Disjunctions (A or B)
        • 4 mins
        • 5.84 MB
        Conditionals (If A then B)
        • 8 mins
        • 9.82 MB
        Preview

        How to Think About the Logical Connectives in Propositional Logic

        Introduction to the Content in This Section
          How to Think About the Logical Connectives in Propositional Logic
            The Difference Between Natural Languages and Formal Languages
              Preview
              Issues With Translating “AND” and “OR”
                Issues With Translating Conditionals: “If A then B”

                  Contradiction and Consistency

                  Contradictories (not-A)
                  • 3 mins
                  • 3.47 MB
                  Contradictories vs Contraries
                  • 4 mins
                  • 4.04 MB
                  Contradictions (A and not-A)
                  • 4 mins
                  • 5.7 MB
                  Preview
                  Consistency and Inconsistency
                  • 6 mins
                  • 7.09 MB

                  Contradictories of Compound Claims

                  not-(not-A)
                  • 3 mins
                  • 3.2 MB
                  not-(A and B)
                  • 3 mins
                  • 4.26 MB
                  not-(A or B)
                  • 2 mins
                  • 2.58 MB
                  Preview
                  not-(If A then B)
                  • 4 mins
                  • 5.5 MB

                  Ways of Saying “IF A THEN B”

                  A if B
                  • 3 mins
                  • 3.89 MB
                  A only if B
                  • 4 mins
                  • 5.36 MB
                  A if and only if B
                  • 3 mins
                  • 3.44 MB
                  A unless B
                  • 2 mins
                  • 2.78 MB
                  The Contrapositive: If not-B then not-A
                  • 4 mins
                  • 4.99 MB
                  Preview
                  (not-A) or B
                  • 5 mins
                  • 6.73 MB
                  Necessary and Sufficient
                  • 5 mins
                  • 6.79 MB

                  Categorical Claims and Their Contradictories

                  Categorical versus Propositional Logic
                  • 6 mins
                  • 8.4 MB
                  Preview
                  All A are B
                  • 4 mins
                  • 4.48 MB
                  Only A are B
                  • 4 mins
                  • 5.09 MB
                  Some A are B
                  • 4 mins
                  • 4.74 MB
                  The Square of Opposition
                  • 2 mins
                  • 1.41 MB

                  What I Wish I Knew About Logic Before Taking a Symbolic Logic Class

                  What I Wish I Knew About Logic Before Taking a Logic Class
                    Why Do Linguistics Majors Have to Study Logic?
                      Natural Language Has a Logical Structure
                        Preview
                        Formal Logic was Developed to Understand the Nature of Deductive Proof, Not Language
                          Different Logical Systems Can Be Used to Model Different Fragments of Natural Language
                            Aristotelian Logic: The Logic of Categories
                              Propositional Logic: The Logic of Statements
                                There Are Many Logics
                                  Predicate Logic: The Logic of Quantifiers and Variables
                                    Wrapping Up

                                      Part 3: Formal Fallacies: Errors in Reasoning Due to Bad Logic

                                      Introduction: What Are Formal Fallacies?

                                        Argument Forms Using Disjunctions (A or B)

                                        Valid Argument Forms Using OR
                                        • 3 mins
                                        • 3.65 MB
                                        Invalid Argument Forms Using OR
                                        • 3 mins
                                        • 3.88 MB
                                        Preview

                                        Argument Forms Using Conditionals (If A then B)

                                        Modus Ponens
                                        • 4 mins
                                        • 5.67 MB
                                        Modus Tollens
                                        • 2 mins
                                        • 2.72 MB
                                        Preview
                                        Hypothetical Syllogism
                                        • 4 mins
                                        • 5.81 MB
                                        Affirming the Consequent
                                        • 4 mins
                                        • 5.06 MB
                                        Preview
                                        Denying the Antecedent
                                        • 4 mins
                                        • 5.47 MB

                                        Argument Forms Using Generalizations

                                        Valid and Invalid Argument Forms Using ALL
                                        • 3 mins
                                        • 3.81 MB
                                        Valid and Invalid Argument Forms Using SOME
                                        • 3 mins
                                        • 3.19 MB

                                        Part 4: Informal Fallacies: A Guided Tour

                                        Introduction: What is an Informal Fallacy?

                                          Introduction

                                          What is a Fallacy?
                                          • 5 mins
                                          • 7.03 MB
                                          Categorizing Fallacies: Pros and Cons
                                          • 6 mins
                                          • 8.98 MB
                                          Preview
                                          The Rules of Rational Argumentation
                                          • 5 mins
                                          • 5.25 MB

                                          Some Important Content Fallacies

                                          Ad Hominem (Abusive)
                                          • 11 mins
                                          • 16.9 MB
                                          Preview
                                          Ad Hominem (Guilt by Association)
                                          • 8 mins
                                          • 13.7 MB
                                          Appeal to Hypocrisy (tu quoque)
                                          • 4 mins
                                          • 6.1 MB
                                          Appeal to Popular Belief (or Practice)
                                          • 5 mins
                                          • 6.94 MB
                                          Appeal to Authority
                                          • 8 mins
                                          • 12 MB
                                          False Dilemma
                                          • 9 mins
                                          • 14.5 MB
                                          Slippery Slope
                                          • 9 mins
                                          • 26 MB
                                          Preview

                                          Fallacies That Violate the Rules of Rational Argumentation

                                          Straw Man
                                          • 4 mins
                                          • 6.58 MB
                                          Red Herring
                                          • 4 mins
                                          • 6.97 MB
                                          Preview
                                          Begging the Question (circular reasoning)
                                          • 7 mins
                                          • 10.2 MB
                                          Begging the Question (broader sense)
                                          • 11 mins
                                          • 17 MB